Cash flow, as it relates to a small business environment, is the inflow and outflow of income. Cash flow Management is the process of allocating income outflows and inflows in a more efficient way than would otherwise happen naturally. The goal is to maximize cash flow; squeezing the most out of the inflows and reducing the cost of outflows so that more money ends up in your pocket.

Below I have outlined ten ways you can improve a box’s cash flow, some of which will be applicable to your personal finances as well!

1)   Do not mix business and personal income and expenses

Establish a business credit card, checking, savings, and investment accounts from the very beginning. Use a/the business account for business transactions and personal accounts for personal use. Set up a paycheck system, such as paying yourself every two weeks or on the 15th and 30th of the month, even when you don’t have any income yet. Avoid the temptation of dipping into your business account for an impulse buy decision just because you can.

2)   Anticipate and plan for fat and lean months

Most retail businesses are cyclical, and your CrossFit box is probably too. You will have fat months (think January/February) and lean months (June/July). Do not be so quick to distribute or reinvest the extra inflow in fat months. You may need it during the lean months or in case of an emergency. Which leads me to…

3)   Establish and maintain an Emergency Fund

You’ve heard this before. Having an adequate emergency fund for personal and business use is a prudent financial planning technique. The purpose of an Emergency Fund is to provide capital in case of an emergency. Since emergencies typically don’t provide any forewarning, you should plan as if there is a 100% chance of an emergency. Avoid investing your Emergency Fund into high-risk vehicles such as the stock market.

4)   Utilize high interest savings account for idle cash

Whether it’s your Emergency Fund or cash you have set aside to purchase five Assault Bikes next month, utilizing a high interest savings account can put some cash in your pocket. CIT Bank is currently offering 1.35% APY with $100 minimum deposit and will even give you a bonus of $100 if you qualify for the bonus. Synchrony Bank is offering 1.30% APY with no minimums. Since in today’s day and age it can take less than three days to transfer from your savings account to a checking account using Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT), it makes a lot of sense to utilize a high yield savings account as much as possible.

5)   Anticipate and plan for Self-Employment Tax

Self-Employment Tax is your portion of Social Security and Medicare tax. When an individual is self-employed, she/he has to pay both the employer and employee portion of this tax since self-employed individuals are considered both. For 2017, the tax is 15.3%, consisting of 12.4% of Social Security tax (up to $127,200 of income) and 2.9% of Medicare an all income (no cap). Self-Employment Tax is due April 15th, June 15th, September 15th, and January 15th.

April is especially a heavy tax month since you may have Self-Employment tax due as well as prior year’s tax underpayment. Penalties for tax underpayment can be pretty steep. This is where a solid Emergency Fund may be very helpful.

6)   Maximize your credit card rewards

Try to deliberately use credit cards that best match your business(give you cash-back, miles, etc.). Many times, you may have a choice of using cash or credit when paying for business expenses. Since paying with cash (or check) doesn’t give you any benefits, wisely utilizing credit cards can put some money back in your pocket.

For business use, I especially like credit cards that offer a competitive cash back feature. Currently, I like Barclays CashForward World Mastercard that offers unlimited 1.5% cash back, $200 bonus when you spend $1,000 within the first 90 days, no annual fee, and 5% cash rewards redemption bonus. I also like the Chase Freedom Unlimited that offers unlimited 1.5% cash back, no annual fee, and a $150 bonus after you spend $500 in the first 3 months.

As a general rule of thumb, the IRS considers credit card rewards to be a form of a discount and not income; so this extra money is tax-free. Keep in mind however, that for business use, any cash back you receive lowers your costs and therefore the amount you can deduct for business use.

7)   Take advantage of Free Money

In addition to cash back rewards, credit cards offer another great feature: 0% financing. Let’s say you are trying to buy 5 Assault Bikes and have the option to pay for them with cash (maybe dipping into your emergency fund) or using a 0% for 12 months credit card. From a cash flow perspective, utilizing a 0% loan is the better alternative as long as you are disciplined enough to pay it off within the term. Not only is it easier to cash flow such an expenditure, but that cash you were going to spend is earning you interest in the high interest savings account you setup earlier. Currently, Citi Diamond Preferred and Citi Simplicity Card offer 21 month 0% introductory APR and no annual fee.

8)   Create Incentives for prepaying

Most businesses utilize this tactic and you ought to consider it as well. There is a certain value that comes from when a client prepays for the next three, six, or twelve month period. Aside from the fact that getting a $1 today is more valuable than getting it a year from now, it helps you more accurately project your future cash flows, earn interest on that money, and provide money for equipment/expansion/etc.

It’s valuable to you so make it valuable to your community. You can offer a small cash discount, merchandise, or an additional service such as an hour of personal training. Make sure your community is well aware of any incentives that you offer.

9)   Consider subscription based sales

When you buy a recurring product online such as protein or FitAid, they try to get you to sign up for a subscription(i.e. receive a case every month) and offer a small discount to entice you do so. They got it right. Not only does it commit the buyer for a longer term and in turn is more profitable, but it also helps with cash flow. Again, make sure your community is well aware of any offer your have made available to them.

10)      Work with a professional

You may have already come to the realization that you cannot do everything.  There is a whole lot of value that comes from outsourcing certain tasks. Time, knowledge, perspective, and expertise are some of the reasons why your clients hired you and they are some of the reasons you should consider working with someone. You may have heard that the biggest risk comes from not knowing what you don’t know... not from what you do know. 

Ask yourself, what business are you in? If it's not a cash flow management business, than you probably shouldn’t be doing it.

I hope that you find this blog post valuable. If there are other topics that you would like me to write about, please send your suggestions to ivan@otbfinancialplanning.com.

We are not permitted to offer, and no statement contained herein shall constitute, tax or legal advice. Individuals are encouraged to consult with a qualified professional before making any decisions about their personal situation.

This material is intended to provide general information to help you understand basic financial planning strategies and should not be construed as financial advice. All investments are subject to risk including the potential loss of principal. No investment strategy can guarantee a profit or protect against loss in periods of declining values. 

The information contained in this material is believed to be reliable, but accuracy and completeness cannot be guaranteed; it is not intended to be used as the sole basis for financial decisions. If you are unable to access any of the news articles and sources through the links provided in this text, please contact us to request a copy of the desired reference.

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Partnering with Outside The Box Financial Planning offers numerous benefits for individuals seeking retirement planning, small business support, wealth management, and beyond.  With their fiduciary duty, comprehensive approach, unbiased advice, transparent fee structure, and ongoing support, OTBFP act as a trusted advisor who prioritizes your best interests. Click here to schedule a complimentary “Fit” meeting to determine if we would make a good mutual fit.

Remember, financial decisions have long-lasting implications, and working with a professional can provide the expertise and guidance necessary to make informed choices that align with your financial aspirations. 

However, if you would like to take a shot at building a financial plan on your own, we offer our financial planning software, RightCapital, free of charge. Click here to get started.

One of the more onerous tax issues facing CrossFit Affiliate owners is determining what type of employee compensation is taxable. This may be especially true for small business owners who often wear many administrative hats and may not have the luxury of an in-house accountant to answer complex tax reporting questions.

Generally, an employee’s wages are considered taxable compensation. However, the term “wages” can be somewhat misleading. In addition to actual earned compensation, federal and many state payroll tax laws generally define “wages” as any type of payment received for services rendered. Here’s a quick look at some of the other “wages” typically paid to employees that must generally be reported for payroll tax purposes.

Advances

Payments to any employee for future work or services are considered taxable wages. An advance is not considered a taxable wage if: 1) it’s used for expenses involved in performing a service for the employer; or 2) it is a loan to the employee that is properly documented and must be repaid.

Awards

Many employers have contests or give out awards for outstanding performance. In general, all awards and prizes are taxable wages with one exception. An employee award or prize is not included in taxable wages if it meets the following conditions: 1) the prize or award is not cash; 2) its value is less than $600; and 3) it is given as a reward for length of service or as a safety achievement award.

Benefits

There are many types of benefits in the workplace. Generally speaking, any fringe benefit not specifically excluded by law is considered taxable compensation for payroll tax purposes. However, the list of benefits excluded from payroll taxation is fairly extensive. These include, but are not limited to, payments attributable to a health insurance plan, employer contributions to a qualified plan, workers compensation, and a wide array of other “perks.”

Business Expenses

Generally, expenses cannot be reimbursed unless they are made via an advance or are specifically highlighted in an accountable plan. Under an accountable plan, an employee: 1) must be properly reimbursed for deductible expenses incurred while rendering services for the employer; 2) must keep accurate records that validate the reimbursement; and 3) must return any payment by the employer that exceeds the actual amount of reimbursement.

Jury duty

Compensation paid to an employee serving jury duty is generally a taxable wage. However, actual taxation will vary based on how jury duty pay is actually paid. If you deduct jury duty pay from regular wages, payroll taxes apply to regular wages less jury duty pay. Likewise, if you pay an employee his or her regular wages but ask the employee to give you the jury duty pay, payroll taxes also apply to regular wages less jury duty pay. Finally, if you pay regular wages and allow employees to retain their jury duty pay, only regular wages are subject to payroll taxes.

Vacation

If you offer your employees paid vacation, the compensation they receive while they’re on vacation are taxable wages. In addition, if you allow employees to “buy back” unused vacation time, that is also considered wages.

Payroll taxation is just one of the many tax issues facing CrossFit Affiliate owners. This article is meant to serve as a general overview. A qualified tax professional can help you ensure your business is on proper payroll tax footing.

Neither the firm nor its agents or representatives may give tax advice. Be sure to speak with a qualified professional about your unique situation.

We are an independent firm helping individuals create retirement strategies using a variety of insurance and investment products to custom suit their needs and objectives. This material is intended to provide general information to help you understand basic financial planning strategies and should not be construed as financial advice. All investments are subject to risk including the potential loss of principal. No investment strategy can guarantee a profit or protect against loss in periods of declining values. 

The information contained in this material is believed to be reliable, but accuracy and completeness cannot be guaranteed; it is not intended to be used as the sole basis for financial decisions. If you are unable to access any of the news articles and sources through the links provided in this text, please contact us to request a copy of the desired reference.

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Caught up in the day-to-day operations of your business, you may not be thinking about how much your box could be worth when the time comes for a transition. But the choices you make now, both large and small, can add to or detract from the future value of the business.

There are many ways for a gym to grow, including opening new locations, developing new products, acquiring complementary businesses (pt practice, recovery, etc.), hiring more employees, and increasing sales and marketing expenditures. You can grow the business faster by tapping into outside financing or more slowly by using the company’s own revenue. With so many strategies to consider, you may want to develop a long-term plan to guide the growth of your business.

Your decision regarding the ultimate disposition of the company may influence many aspects of your current business strategies, including your form of business ownership. You may want to consider a C corporation structure for a business that may go public or an S corporation structure if a private sale is planned. We help guide clients in regard to the implications of various forms of business ownership and how it can impact their overall goals.

Transferable Assets

To begin, work on building and maintaining your company’s transferable assets. These may include tangibles like property and equipment, as well as intangibles, including a customer database, website, brand recognition, and business processes. You may also develop intangible assets, such as copyrights or trademarks, proprietary lists of customers or prospects, and long-term contracts. An attractive location can also add value beyond an owner’s equity.

A CrossFit Box can also derive intangible benefits from a strong management team with the knowledge and connections required to maintain the business without the owner’s oversight. In many cases, having a skilled and loyal workforce may also be considered a transferable asset in a sale.

Financial Performance

When growing your business, strive to establish a self-sustaining enterprise with steady revenue growth. The financial performance of a box is often measured by its free cash flow or the cash that it generates before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization, less capital expenditures. In assessing the value of a business, a buyer may, for example, project a company’s earnings over the next five years based on the current cash flow. This projection will take into account any outstanding debt, as well as whether revenue growth and margins demonstrate a history of consistent growth.

Businesses are often more efficient when they focus on their core competencies, rather than diversifying too broadly. So, if your CrossFit box has product lines or offers services not closely aligned with the box’s core business, consider whether these areas are profitable or represent a drag on the business income.

You may also want to restructure agreements or contracts that may be objectionable to a potential buyer, such as a long-term lease, licensing contracts, employment contracts, and loan agreements. Long-term leases may be an asset provided the terms are favorable, the location is suitable, and the size is right. If, however, the current box is likely to outgrow it’s current space before the lease is up, a short-term lease may be more appropriate.

For a detailed analysis of your company’s value, we offer business valuation services specifically serving the CrossFit microgym community. Even if you have no immediate plans sell the box, an estimate can help you identify ways to maximize the value of your business in preparation for a future exit strategy.

Neither the firm nor its agents or representatives may give tax advice. Be sure to speak with a qualified professional about your unique situation.

We are an independent firm helping individuals create retirement strategies using a variety of insurance and investment products to custom-suit their needs and objectives. This material is intended to provide general information to help you understand basic financial planning strategies and should not be construed as financial advice. All investments are subject to risk including the potential loss of principal. No investment strategy can guarantee a profit or protect against loss in periods of declining values. 

The information contained in this material is believed to be reliable, but accuracy and completeness cannot be guaranteed; it is not intended to be used as the sole basis for financial decisions. If you are unable to access any of the news articles and sources through the links provided in this text, please contact us to request a copy of the desired reference

Partnering with Outside The Box Financial Planning offers numerous benefits for individuals seeking retirement planning, small business support, wealth management, and beyond.  With their fiduciary duty, comprehensive approach, unbiased advice, transparent fee structure, and ongoing support, OTBFP act as a trusted advisor who prioritizes your best interests. Click here to schedule a complimentary “Fit” meeting to determine if we would make a good mutual fit.

Remember, financial decisions have long-lasting implications, and working with a professional can provide the expertise and guidance necessary to make informed choices that align with your financial aspirations. 

However, if you would like to take a shot at building a financial plan on your own, we offer our financial planning software, RightCapital, free of charge. Click here to get started.

In recent years, the markets, the economy and the global political scene have evolved considerably. We’ve witnessed both remarkable volatility and remarkable resilience in these areas. The reality is that less predictability in today’s economic landscape requires more vigilant risk diversification, coupled with the ability to adapt to a fast-changing environment.1

I work with my clients to set financial goals and make strategic and tactical recommendations to help them reach their individual financial objectives. Equally as important, I want to encourage clients to work with me to monitor their financial progress and let me know when their personal or financial situation changes. Investing mirrors life in many ways: You make plans, but they often get disrupted, waylaid or delayed. By closely monitoring your financial strategy, I can help you determine if and when it’s time to make changes.

To this end, it may be beneficial for you to understand the distinction between strategic asset allocation and tactical asset allocation. Strategic allocation establishes and maintains a deliberate mix of stocks, bonds and cash designed to help meet your long-term financial objectives.2

Tactical asset allocation, on the other hand, is more market focused. While an investor may set parameters for how much and how long he wants to invest in a certain asset class, he may want to then increase or decrease his allocations by 5 percent to 10 percent over a short time based on economic or market opportunities.3

It is important to be aware that tactical asset allocation strategies present higher risks but also the opportunity for higher returns. It’s a good idea to set percentage limits on asset allocations and time benchmarks for when you may want to exit certain positions.4 Tactical asset allocation is, in fact, a market timing strategy, but its risk lies more in asset categories rather than individual holdings, and a crucial key for this type of allocation is to actively manage that risk.5

To help diversify and manage risk, some financial advisors recommend exchange traded funds (ETFs). These are passively managed funds that can be bought and sold throughout the trading day. While ETFs are passively managed, they provide a means for an investor to tactically expand or shrink exposure to a specific asset class in her own actively managed portfolio. Proponents of ETFs favor them because of their low cost, tax efficiency and trading flexibility.6

Content prepared by Kara Stefan Communications.

1 Nasdaq. June 26, 2017. “Asset owners must be more innovative to fulfill investment missions.” http://www.nasdaq.com/press-release/asset-owners-must-be-more-innovative-to-fulfill-investment-missions-20170626-00612. Accessed July 8, 2017.

2 Chris Chen. Insight Financial Strategists. July 1, 2017. “Tactical asset allocation can enhance a long term strategy.” http://insightfinancialstrategists.com/asset-allocation/?utm_source=ReviveOldPost&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ReviveOldPost. Accessed July 8, 2017.

3 Ibid.

4 Ibid.

5 Girija Gadre, Arti Bhargava and Labdhi Mehta. The Economic Times. June 19, 2017. “5 smart things to know about tactical asset allocation.” http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/5-smart-things-to-know-about-tactical-asset-allocation/articleshow/59189407.cms. Accessed July 8, 2017.

6 Robert Powell. MarketWatch. June 9, 2017. “Why financial advisers prefer ETFs over mutual funds.” http://www.marketwatch.com/story/why-financial-advisers-prefer-etfs-over-mutual-funds-2017-06-09. Accessed July 8, 2017.

We are an independent firm helping individuals create retirement strategies using a variety of insurance and investment products to custom suit their needs and objectives. This material is intended to provide general information to help you understand basic financial planning strategies and should not be construed as financial advice. All investments are subject to risk including the potential loss of principal. No investment strategy can guarantee a profit or protect against loss in periods of declining values. 

The information contained in this material is believed to be reliable, but accuracy and completeness cannot be guaranteed; it is not intended to be used as the sole basis for financial decisions. If you are unable to access any of the news articles and sources through the links provided in this text, please contact us to request a copy of the desired reference.

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Many large companies offer employees a 401(k) plan with some degree of matching contribution. Although this is a good employee benefit to have, you always should pay attention to the fees involved in your plan. Your plan provider charges various fees to invest, manage and administer the plan, and those fees are passed on to the participants who invest.

The Center for Retirement Research at Boston College reports that, in recent years, the fees charged by actively managed mutual funds — including those in 401(k) plans — have dropped. Since 2015, the average fee dropped from 0.78 percent to 0.75 percent. Around 15 years ago, fees averaged about 1 percent. However, fees for passively managed index mutual funds, generally referred to as index funds, average significantly less at 0.17 percent. Index funds passively track the investments of a specific market index; there is no manager actively choosing investments for the fund on a day-to-day basis.1

If you have a 401(k) plan through a current or former employer, I’d happy to help you determine what you are paying in fees and help you assess your financial situation. In many cases, the more investors learn about fees, the more they start choosing investments that cost less. The Center for Retirement Research suggests this by sharing that U.S. investors withdrew $627 billion from actively managed funds that charged the highest fees and invested $429 billion into lower-fee index funds in 2015 and 2016.2

The Department of Labor’s fiduciary rule, which took partial effect in June, has made it easier for investors to know what they are paying for by requiring the disclosure of all fees and commissions. This information must be in dollar form.3 In addition, FINRA, a self-regulatory organization that regulates broker-dealers in the United States, offers a Fund Analyzer tool on its website that can help investors estimate the impact of fees and expenses on an investment and research applicable fees and available discounts for specific funds.4

Are fees really that important? It can depend. If you are paying a money management firm to select investments and it does a great job of providing consistent performance over time, it may be worth what you pay in fees. But it may also be worth considering how your investments compare with the overall market. For example, over the past three years, the S&P 500 has increased by 26 percent (as of mid-June 2017).5 If you were invested in a low-expense S&P 500 index fund, you would have experienced impressive returns. But if you had been paying a high fee for an active manager yielding the same performance, it may not have been worth the expense.

Speaking of fees, be aware that the IRS permits investors to deduct certain expenses incurred on taxable investments, such as:

• Fees for investment counsel, including subscriptions to financial publications
• IRA or Keogh custodial fees (if paid by cash outside the account)
• Transportation to your broker’s or investment advisor’s office
• Safety deposit box rent if you use it to store certificates or investment-related paperwork

If you have a 401(k) plan through a current or former employer and would like help determining what you are paying in fees, I’m happy to help you assess your financial situation. Using a variety of investments, I can create a financial strategy that can help put you on the path toward your financial goals.

Content prepared by Kara Stefan Communications.

1 Center for Retirement Research at Boston College. June 29, 2017. “Mutual Fund Fees: Here’s What Matters.” http://squaredawayblog.bc.edu/squared-away/mutual-fund-fees-heres-what-matters/. Accessed July 5, 2017.

2 Ibid.

3 Investopedia. July 5, 2017. “DOL Fiduciary Rule Explained as of July 5th, 2017.” http://www.investopedia.com/updates/dol-fiduciary-rule/. Accessed July 13, 2017.

4 FINRA. “Fund Analyzer.” http://apps.finra.org/fundanalyzer/1/fa.aspx. Accessed July 5, 2017.

5 Dayana Yochim. Atlanta Journal Constitution. July 5, 2017. “This May Be Why You’re Down in an Up Market.” http://www.ajc.com/business/consumer-advice/this-may-why-you-down-market/hQWTwwUWlBhEKX8tJoyNHL/. Accessed July 5, 2017.

6 Rande Spiegelman. Charles Schwab. March 15, 2017. “Investment Expenses: What’s Tax Deductible?” http://www.schwab.com/insights/taxes/investment-expenses-whats-tax-deductible. Accessed July 5, 2017.

Neither the firm nor its agents or representatives may give tax advice. Be sure to speak with a qualified professional about your unique situation.

We are an independent firm helping individuals create retirement strategies using a variety of insurance and investment products to custom suit their needs and objectives. This material is intended to provide general information to help you understand basic financial planning strategies and should not be construed as financial advice. All investments are subject to risk including the potential loss of principal. No investment strategy can guarantee a profit or protect against loss in periods of declining values. 

The information contained in this material is believed to be reliable, but accuracy and completeness cannot be guaranteed; it is not intended to be used as the sole basis for financial decisions. If you are unable to access any of the news articles and sources through the links provided in this text, please contact us to request a copy of the desired reference.
 

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Over the years, you may have heard it’s good to have different “kinds” of money as you head into retirement. A financial advisor may recommend a combination of tax-deferred and tax-exempt accounts, diversifying your money to help take advantage of the tax benefits both types of products provide.

What many people don’t understand, however, is why it’s important to take advantage of the different types of accounts available. What are the potential benefits of utilizing both tax-deferred and tax-exempt accounts? First, let’s take a look at the difference between the two.

A tax-deferred financial accounts means simply that: You owe taxes on the money, but those taxes have been deferred or pushed back. You haven’t paid any taxes on the contributions or the growth that’s occurred over the life of the account. When you take money out of it, those distributions are 100 percent taxable at ordinary income rates.1 Withdrawals taken prior to age 59 1/2 may also be subject to an additional 10 percent federal tax.

What types of financial accounts are tax-deferred? A 401(k), 403(b) or traditional IRA are all examples of tax-deferred investment accounts. Growth in some types of annuities or life insurance policies may also be tax-deferred.2

Tax-exempt means no taxes are owed on qualified distributions made from the account. A Roth IRA or Roth 401(k) is a good example of a tax-exempt account. Contributions to a Roth are made with money that’s already been taxed.3

So why can it be beneficial to have a mix of tax-deferred and tax-exempt accounts in your financial strategy? Mostly, it gives you flexibility in how you take distributions during your retirement. For example, you might use distributions from tax-deferred accounts to pay for your fixed expenses every month. If you have expenses that are outside of your “normal” spending -- such as a vacation or a large purchase -- you could use money from a tax-exempt accounts and not incur a taxable event.

While it could be tempting to go heavy in tax-exempt accounts when you’re establishing a financial strategy, using a tax-deferred accounts may put more money in your pocket in the long run. Many people are in a lower tax bracket during their retirement years. If that is the case, you may pay less taxes on distributions during retirement than if you were paying taxes on your contributions up front while still working.4

What’s the right mix of tax-deferred and tax-exempt accounts for you? Every situation is unique. If you’re not sure what types of accounts you should be using, give us a call. We can look at your existing financial strategy and make recommendations based on your specific circumstances.

Content prepared by Amy Ragland

1 The Balance. “What is a Tax-Deferred Investment Account?” https://www.thebalance.com/tax-deferred-savings-account-and-investments-2388988. Accessed May 31, 2017.

2 Prudential. “Tax Strategies: Tax-Deferred Annuities.” http://www.prudential.com/view/page/public/12609?param=12624. Accessed June 1, 2017.

3 Teresa Mears. U.S. News & World Report. Dec. 19, 2014. “7 Retirement Savings Accounts You Should Consider.” http://money.usnews.com/money/personal-finance/articles/2014/12/19/7-retirement-savings-accounts-you-should-consider. Accessed May 31, 2017.

4 Arthur Pinkasovitch. Investopedia. “Retirement Savings: Tax-Deferred or Tax-Exempt?” Updated April 5, 2017. http://www.investopedia.com/articles/taxes/11/tax-deferred-tax-exempt.asp. Accessed May 31, 2017.

We are not permitted to offer, and no statement contained herein shall constitute, tax or legal advice. Individuals are encouraged to consult with a qualified professional before making any decisions about their personal situation.

We are an independent firm helping individuals create retirement strategies using a variety of insurance and investment products to custom suit their needs and objectives. This material is intended to provide general information to help you understand basic financial planning strategies and should not be construed as financial advice. All investments are subject to risk including the potential loss of principal. No investment strategy can guarantee a profit or protect against loss in periods of declining values. 

The information contained in this material is believed to be reliable, but accuracy and completeness cannot be guaranteed; it is not intended to be used as the sole basis for financial decisions. If you are unable to access any of the news articles and sources through the links provided in this text, please contact us to request a copy of the desired reference.

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The evidence-based approach originated in the medical field to promote the use of clinical experience and the best available research to make decisions about individual patient care.1

In the investing world, this translates to a goal of using current evidence to help maximize an individual’s investment returns while minimizing risk from market downturns.2 In more simplistic terms, evidence-based investing (EBI) means that whatever you decide to do, make sure you have an evidence-based reason for doing it, and always be prepared to amend your plan when the evidence necessitates a change.3

While we’re happy to explain to our clients various investing and wealth management approaches, including EBI, please keep in mind that our advice is tailored to each person’s needs. What works for one client may not work as well for another. We’d love to talk with you about our individual approach to investing – give us a call, and we’ll be happy to set up an appointment.

Financial professionals who use evidence-based investing typically take a four-step decision-making process:4

1. Eliminate meaningless questions.
2. Ask meaningful questions.
3. Apply the evidence.
4. Monitor for effectiveness.

Another significant distinction about EBI is that it is commonly misinterpreted as passive investing. However, EBI is not so much about active versus passive management but rather is about keeping an eye on how much you pay for each investment and determining if what you’ve gotten in return is worth the price.5

Please remember that investing involves risk, including the potential loss of principal. No investment strategy can guarantee a profit or protect against loss in periods of declining values.

Content prepared by Kara Stefan Communications.

1 Michael Chamberlain. Investopedia. March. 28, 2017. “Comparing Traditional to Evidence-Based Investing.” http://www.investopedia.com/advisor-network/articles/comparing-traditional-evidencebased-investing/. Accessed May 26, 2017.

2 Michael Finke. ThinkAdvisor. Spring 2017. “The Rise of Evidence-Based Investing.” http://www.researchmagdigital.com/researchmag/april_2017?utm_campaign=Q22017%20Thought%20Leadership&utm_content=52019654&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter&pg=14#pg14. Accessed May 26, 2017.

3 Robin Powell. The Evidence-Based Investor. April 25, 2017. “Bob Seawright: Behavioral Finance Is as Much a Part of EBI as Indexing.” http://www.evidenceinvestor.co.uk/bob-seawright-behavioural-finance-much-part-ebi-indexing/?platform=hootsuite. Accessed May 26, 2017.                                                                                                     

4 Michael Finke. ThinkAdvisor. Spring 2017. “The Rise of Evidence-Based Investing.” http://www.researchmagdigital.com/researchmag/april_2017?utm_campaign=Q22017%20Thought%20Leadership&utm_content=52019654&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter&pg=14#pg14. Accessed May 26, 2017.

5 Corey Hoffstein. Newfound Research. Nov. 18, 2016. “What I Learned at the Evidence-Based Investing Conference.” https://blog.thinknewfound.com/2016/11/4-lessons-ritholtz-wealth-evidence-based-investing-conference/. Accessed May 26, 2017.

We are an independent firm helping individuals create retirement strategies using a variety of insurance and investment products to custom suit their needs and objectives. This material is intended to provide general information to help you understand basic financial planning strategies and should not be construed as financial advice.

The information contained in this material is believed to be reliable, but accuracy and completeness cannot be guaranteed; it is not intended to be used as the sole basis for financial decisions. If you are unable to access any of the news articles and sources through the links provided in this text, please contact us to request a copy of the desired reference.

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The White House recently introduced what it billed the “biggest tax cut” in U.S. history. While a presidential tax proposal is not likely to get passed without significant changes, the fact that Republicans dominate both chambers of Congress suggests 2017 may well be a year in which significant tax reform is engineered.1

One thing should be perfectly clear: The U.S. tax code is highly complicated.2 There may not be anyone who understands it all off the top of their head. CPAs and tax professionals must conduct thorough due diligence to tailor strategies and complete returns for taxpayers with complex situations.

Because of this, we recommend our clients who require tax advice work directly with an experienced and qualified tax professional. However, we also believe financial and tax professionals should not work in a vacuum, and therefore are more than happy to work in concert with our clients’ tax advisors to help align their financial strategy with their tax situation.

This is particularly important when it comes to retirement planning, because you want to save as much as possible before you retire, which may include tax-deferred financial vehicles such as a 401(k) or IRA, but you don’t want to get hit with a big tax bill on untaxed earnings once you’re in retirement.3 This is a delicate balance that requires experience and collaboration from both a financial professional and a tax professional.

One tax issue each of us deals with is the federal income tax rate. Our annual earnings determine which federal tax bracket we land in, but that tax bracket isn’t the tax rate applied to our entire income. Instead, we pay every tax rate on income blocks up to our individual bracket. Like many things about filing taxes, this can be highly confusing for many people.

It may be easier to understand this through a hypothetical example. Let’s say Joe, who is single, had $92,000 of taxable income in 2016, which landed him in the 28 percent tax bracket. This is how his total tax is calculated:4

• He pays 10% on the first $9,275 (tax of $927.50)
• He pays 15% on the next $28,375 (tax of $4,256.25)
•  He pays 25% on the next $53,500 (tax of $13,375)
•  He pays 28% on the final $850 (tax of $238)
  • Total tax bill of $18,796.75

As you can see, Joe doesn’t pay 28 percent on the full amount of his taxable income; his taxable amount progresses through each income bracket and their respective tax rates until it reaches his total taxable income for the year. Therefore, a person who falls in the highest tax bracket is only paying that higher tax rate on a portion of his or her income.

This is an important distinction to remember as the U.S. works toward tax reform. On one hand, reducing the number of tax rates from seven to three (Trump’s proposal: 10 percent, 25 percent, 35 percent)5 looks to simplify tax filings, but for many people, this could mean paying a higher tax rate on larger blocks of income. Let’s take the hypothetical example of Joe again, using the same income brackets (to date, no tax rate income brackets have been proposed). Here’s how Joe’s scenario might break down:

• He pays 10% on the first $9,275 (tax of $927.50)
• He pays 25% on the next $81,875 (tax of $20,468.75)
• He pays 35% on the final $850 (tax of $297.50)
  • Total tax bill of $21,693.75

This example simply illustrates how a progressive income tax works. Obviously, it doesn’t take into consideration credits and deductions, which vary substantially among taxpayers. Nor does it include payroll taxes.6

Federal income brackets and their respective tax rates are the most fundamental issues Americans are subject to when filing taxes. But as you can see, there’s nothing straightforward about them. This is worth remembering as tax reforms continue to be proposed and debated moving forward: Nothing concerning taxes is simple, and there are usually layers that impact us that the average layperson isn’t likely to see.

Content prepared by Kara Stefan Communications

1 Fox News. April 26, 2017. “Mnuchin vows ‘biggest tax cut’ in US history, confirms plan to slash business rate.” http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/04/26/mnuchin-vows-biggest-tax-cut-in-us-history-confirms-plan-to-slash-corporate-rate.html. Accessed May 5, 2017.

2 Vanessa Williamson. The Atlantic. April 18, 2017. “How the Tax-Filing Process Confuses Americans about Tax Policy.” https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/04/paying-taxes-confusion-policy-1040/523287/. Accessed May 5, 2017.

3 Fidelity. March 1, 2017. “How to invest tax efficiently.” https://www.fidelity.com/viewpoints/investing-ideas/tax-strategy. Accessed May 5, 2017.

4 Tina Orem. Nerd Wallet. Sept. 8, 2016. “2016 Federal Income Tax Brackets.” https://www.nerdwallet.com/blog/taxes/federal-income-tax-brackets/. Accessed May 5, 2017.

5 Martha C. White. NBC News. May 2, 2017. “Even Families Making $100K Won’t Be Better Off Under New Tax Plan.” http://www.nbcnews.com/business/taxes/even-families-making-100k-won-t-be-better-under-new-n753941. Accessed May 5, 2017.

6 NPR. 2017. “On Tax Day, an Economist Outlines How the Payroll Tax Works.” http://nhpr.org/post/tax-day-economist-outlines-how-payroll-tax-works#stream/0. Accessed May 5, 2017.

These hypothetical examples are for illustrative purposes only. This information is not intended to provide tax advice. Be sure to speak with qualified professionals about your unique situation.

We are an independent firm helping individuals create retirement strategies using a variety of insurance and investment products to custom suit their needs and objectives. This material is intended to provide general information to help you understand basic financial planning strategies and should not be construed as financial advice. All investments are subject to risk including the potential loss of principal. No investment strategy can guarantee a profit or protect against loss in periods of declining values. 

The information contained in this material is believed to be reliable, but accuracy and completeness cannot be guaranteed; it is not intended to be used as the sole basis for financial decisions. If you are unable to access any of the news articles and sources through the links provided in this text, please contact us to request a copy of the desired reference.

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